Marcas›Ford›Bronco›2025

Ford Bronco 2025

Versiones, desempeño, equipamiento, consumo, seguridad y problemas conocidos, con sus ventajas y desventajas frente a modelos similares 2025.

Ford Bronco
En la foto: Ford Bronco (6th generation) Outer Banks 1X7A0384. Foto: Alexander Migl, CC BY-SA 4.0, vía Wikimedia Commons
Clase
SUV grande (4WD)
Carrocerías
Raptor 4dr SUV, 2dr 2.3l SUV, 2dr 2.7l SUV, 4dr 2.3l SUV
Motores
2.7L 6 cil. turbo, 2.3L 4 cil. turbo, 3.0L 6 cil. turbo
Tracción
4x4 conectable
Combustible
Gasolina regular
MPG (mejor)
20 combinadas · 19 ciudad / 22 carretera
Largo
165–180.7 in
Peso en vacío
4,288–5,732 lb
Calificación NHTSA
Sin calificar
Retiros
19 campañas

Ventajas y desventajas

Lo bueno

  • Mucha tecnología de seguridad de serie4 de las 5 asistencias clave, de serie en las versiones revisadas.

A tener en cuenta

  • Retiro con aviso de "no conducir"Verifica que la reparación del retiro esté hecha antes de comprarlo o manejarlo.

Calculado con datos de la EPA, la NHTSA y vPIC frente a 41 modelos similares 2025; no es una reseña. Cómo lo calculamos →

Resumen

El Ford Bronco 2025 es un SUV grande disponible con 3 motores (2.7L 6 cil. turbo, 2.3L 4 cil. turbo y 3.0L 6 cil. turbo), con 4x4 conectable.

Mide unas 181 pulgadas de largo y 86 de ancho, con una distancia entre ejes de 116 pulgadas, y pesa alrededor de 5,732 lb (Raptor 4dr SUV).

La EPA califica su versión más eficiente con 20 MPG combinadas (19 en ciudad / 22 en carretera), un 1 % mejor que el promedio de su clase (SUV grande, 2025: 19.8 MPG), con un gasto estimado de $3,350 al año en combustible.

La NHTSA no ha publicado una calificación general de 5 estrellas para este año modelo.

Tiene 19 campañas de retiro registradas y los propietarios han presentado 56 quejas ante la NHTSA desde 2015, sobre todo por problemas de sistema eléctrico.

Novedades del 2025

  • Nuevas dimensiones: 15.7 in más largo, distancia entre ejes +15.7 in — probablemente un rediseño o nueva generación

Comparado con 2024; no incluye cambios de versiones, equipamiento ni precio. Ver el Bronco 2024 →

Versiones, desempeño y equipamiento

Motor–2.3L turbo 4 cil.
Motor–2.7L turbo 6 cil.
TracciónAWD/4WD

Versiones

Big BendBadlandsOuter Banks

Seguridad y asistencias al conductor

Frenado automático de emergenciaDe serie
Frenado de emergencia con detección de peatonesDe serie
Monitor de punto ciegoDe serie
Alerta de tráfico cruzado traseroDe serie
Frenado automático en reversaDe serie
Alerta de salida de carrilDe serie
Asistente de mantenimiento de carrilDe serie
Asistente de estacionamientoDe serie
Cámara de reversaDe serie
Luces altas automáticasDe serie
Arranque sin llaveDe serie
Faros LEDSí

Fabricado en: Wayne, Michigan

NHTSA vPIC, según el fabricante, para 5 configuraciones del Bronco 2025; puede no incluir todas las versiones. Cómo lo calculamos →

Dimensiones y peso

CarroceríaLargoAnchoAltoDistancia entre ejesVía del. / tras.Peso en vacíoPeso del./tras.
Raptor 4dr SUV180.7 in85.8 in77.6 in116.1 in73.2 / 73.6 in5,732 lb57/43
2dr 2.3l SUV165 in79.5 in72 in100.4 in66.9 / 66.9 in4,288 lb54/46
2dr 2.7l SUV165 in79.5 in72 in100.4 in66.9 / 66.9 in4,458 lb56/44
4dr 2.3l SUV180.7 in79.5 in72.8 in116.1 in66.9 / 66.9 in4,467 lb55/45
4dr 2.7l SUV180.7 in79.5 in72.8 in116.1 in66.9 / 66.9 in4,628 lb57/43

Transport Canada CVS (Open Government Licence – Canada), medidas del mercado canadiense.

¿Cabe en tu garaje? Compruébalo con tus medidas →

Motores, consumo y costo de uso

VersiónMotorTransmisiónTracciónCiudad / Carr. / Comb.vs. su claseCombustible / añoCO₂ g/mi
Bronco Outer Banks 4WD2.7L 6 cil. turboAutomática (S10)4x4 conectable19 / 21 / 20+1%$3,350453
Bronco 4WD2.3L 4 cil. turboAutomática (S10)4x4 conectable18 / 22 / 20-22%$3,350464
Bronco 4WD2.3L 4 cil. turboManual 7-spd4x4 conectable18 / 21 / 19-26%$3,550468
Bronco 4WD2.7L 6 cil. turboAutomática (S10)4x4 conectable17 / 18 / 18-30%$3,700494
Bronco Badlands 4WD2.3L 4 cil. turboAutomática (S10)4x4 conectable17 / 19 / 18-30%$3,700517
Bronco 4WD2.7L 6 cil. turboAutomática (S10)4x4 conectable17 / 18 / 18-30%$3,700506
Bronco Sasquatch 4WD2.3L 4 cil. turboAutomática (S10)4x4 conectable17 / 19 / 18-30%$3,700464
Bronco Sasquatch 4WD2.3L 4 cil. turboManual 7-spd4x4 conectable17 / 19 / 18-30%$3,700468
Bronco Badlands 4WD2.3L 4 cil. turboManual 7-spd4x4 conectable17 / 18 / 17-34%$3,950526
Bronco Raptor 4WD3.0L 6 cil. turboAutomática (S10)4x4 conectable15 / 16 / 15-24%$4,450577
4/10Puntaje EPA de consumo (mejor versión)
4/10Puntaje EPA de gases de efecto invernadero
Gasta $4,750Combustible en 5 años vs. un auto nuevo promedio
19.8 MPGPromedio 2025: SUV grande (4WD)

Estimaciones de la EPA; "vs. su clase" compara las MPG combinadas con el promedio 2025 de su clase EPA. Cómo lo calculamos →

Calificaciones de seguridad y tecnología

La NHTSA no ha publicado calificaciones de 5 estrellas para el Ford Bronco 2025.

SUV grande similares 2025

ModeloMejor MPG / autonomíaGeneral NHTSARetiros
Ford Bronco 2025 (este auto)20 MPGSin calificar19
Toyota RAV4 202539 MPG★★★★★4
Honda CR-V 202540 MPG★★★★★6
Hyundai Tucson 202538 MPG★★★★★7
Subaru Forester 202535 MPG★★★★★4
Mazda CX-5 202528 MPG★★★★★0
Kia Seltos 202531 MPG★★★★★0

Retiros (19)

Aviso de seguridad: 2 retiros de este año modelo tienen aviso de "no conducir" o "estacionar afuera". Consulta tu VIN ahora.

Texto oficial de la NHTSA (en inglés).

Sistema eléctrico › Wiring › Front Underhood · 20 jul 2026

Campaña NHTSA 26V468000 · 565,691 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2021-2026 Bronco and Bronco Raptor vehicles. The engine compartment wiring harness may become damaged and short circuit.
Riesgo
A short circuit in the engine compartment can create heat or spark, increasing the risk of a fire.
Solución
Dealers will install sheathing over the wiring, free of charge. This is a Phased campaign. Phase 1 will include 2026 Bronco Raptor notified owners on 7/31/2026. Phase 2 will include 2021-2025 Bronco Raptor vehicle will notify owners on or about 8/14/2026. Phase 3 will include 2021-2026 Bronco will notify owners on or about 9/1/2026. Owner notification letters were mailed August 5, 2026. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 26S55. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall became searchable on NHTSA.gov on July 23, 2026.
Estructura › Carrocería · 24 jun 2026

Campaña NHTSA 26V403000 · 36,046 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2022-2026 Bronco vehicles. The fender flares may not be properly secured and detach from the vehicle.
Riesgo
A detached fender flare can become a road hazard and increase the risk of a crash.
Solución
Dealers will inspect and repair, or replace the fender flares as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed September 1, 2026. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 26S47. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall will be searchable on NHTSA.gov beginning August 7, 2026.
Motor y refrigeración › Motor › Hard Parts Internal/Mechanical · 27 may 2026

Campaña NHTSA 26V343000 · 1,536 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2025-2026 Explorer, Ranger, and Bronco vehicles. The engine may fail, which can result in a loss of drive power.
Riesgo
A sudden loss of drive power can increase the risk of a crash.
Solución
Dealers will replace the engine long block, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed October 23, 2026. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 26S35. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall became searchable on NHTSA.gov on May 28, 2026.
Asientos › Critical Fasteners · 28 abr 2026

Campaña NHTSA 26V268000 · 179,698 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2024-2026 Ranger and Bronco vehicles. The front seats may have a loose or dislodged seat frame height-adjust pivot bolt.
Riesgo
A seat with a dislodged bolt may not properly restrain an occupant in a crash, increasing the risk of injury.
Solución
Dealers will inspect and replace the pivot links and bolts as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed May 22, 2026. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford’s number for this recall is 26S30. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall became searchable on NHTSA.gov beginning April 30, 2026.
Tren motriz › Transmisión automática · 14 abr 2026

Campaña NHTSA 26V236000 · 4,922 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2021-2025 Bronco vehicles. The transmission to transfer case joint may be misaligned due to an incorrectly performed previous repair, which could lead to wear of the transmission output shaft splines and transfer case input splines.
Riesgo
Excessive wear of the transmission and transfer case splines may result in a loss of drive power or vehicle rollaway, increasing the risk of a crash.
Solución
Dealers will inspect the transmission to transfer case joint and replace the transmission and transfer case as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed July 9, 2026. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 26S26. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall became searchable on NHTSA.gov on April 15, 2026.
Prevención de impacto en reversa › Software · 3 mar 2026

Campaña NHTSA 26V124000 · 849,310 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2021-2026 Ford Bronco and 2021-2024 Ford Edge vehicles. The Accessory Protocol Interface Module (APIM) may overheat and shutdown, which can prevent the rearview camera image from displaying as intended.
Riesgo
A rearview camera that fails to display an image can reduce the driver’s view behind the vehicle, increasing the risk of a crash.
Solución
The APIM software will be updated by a dealer, or through an over-the-air (OTA) update, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed April 13, 2026. Owners may contact Ford Customer Service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 26S09. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall became searchable on NHTSA.gov on March 5, 2026.
Motor y refrigeración › Exhaust System › Emission Control › Gas Recirculation Valve (Egr Valve) · 3 mar 2026

Campaña NHTSA 26V122000 · 47,804 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2025 Ranger, Lincoln Nautilus, Mustang, Maverick, Explorer, Escape, Lincoln Corsair, Bronco Sport, and Bronco vehicles. The exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve may fail, resulting in an unexpected loss of drive power.
Riesgo
An unexpected loss of drive power increases the risk of a crash.
Solución
Dealers will replace the EGR valves, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed July 31, 2026. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 26S10. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall became searchable on NHTSA.gov on March 4, 2026.
Frenos hidráulicos › Power Assist › Electric › Control Module · 1 dic 2025

Campaña NHTSA 25V823000 · 679 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2025 Lincoln Navigator, F-150, Expedition, Bronco, and Ranger vehicles. The Electronic Brake Booster (EBB) module may malfunction while driving or when the driver is utilizing an Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) feature, resulting in a loss of power brake assist.
Riesgo
An unexpected loss of power brake assist while driving can extend stopping distance and increase the risk of a crash. Additionally, a loss of power brake assist while ADAS features are engaged can result in the vehicle not braking as expected, increasing the risk of a crash.
Solución
Dealers will replace the electronic brake booster, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed February 26, 2026. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 25SD4. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall became searchable on NHTSA.gov on December 3, 2025.
Sistema eléctrico › Instrument Cluster/Panel · 14 nov 2025

Campaña NHTSA 25V788000 · 229,609 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2025-2026 Bronco and Bronco Sport vehicles. The Instrument Panel Cluster (IPC) may fail at startup.
Riesgo
An instrument panel display that does not show critical information, such as warning lights or vehicle speed, increases the risk of a crash.
Solución
The instrument panel cluster software will be updated by a dealer or through an over-the-air (OTA) update, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed December 4, 2025. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 25SC3.
Visibilidad › Windshield · 10 oct 2025

Campaña NHTSA 25V683000 · 9 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2025 Bronco and Ranger vehicles. During manufacturing, the windshield may not have been properly bonded to the vehicle, allowing it to detach in a crash. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 212, "Windshield Mounting."
Riesgo
In the event of a crash, windshield detachment can increase the risk of injury.
Solución
Dealers will remove and replace the windshield, free charge. Owner notification letters were mailed October 20, 2025. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 25C52. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall became searchable on NHTSA.gov on October 14, 2025.
Frenos hidráulicos › Power Assist › Electric › Control Module › Software · 25 jul 2025

Campaña NHTSA 25V488000 · 312,120 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2025 Lincoln Navigator, F-150, Expedition, Bronco, and Ranger vehicles. The Electronic Brake Booster (EBB) module may malfunction while driving or when the driver is utilizing an Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) feature, resulting in a loss of power brake assist.
Riesgo
An unexpected loss of power brake assist while driving can extend stopping distance and increase the risk of a crash. Additionally, a loss of power brake assist while ADAS features are engaged can result in the vehicle not braking as expected, increasing the risk of a crash.
Solución
The EBB module software will be updated over-the-air (OTA) or by a dealer, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on August 22, 2025. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 25S77.
Cerraduras y seguros › Doors › Lock · 13 jun 2025

Campaña NHTSA 25V397000 · 27,768 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2025 Bronco four-door vehicles. The left-hand rear door may be able to be opened from inside the vehicle when the child safety lock is in the "ON" position.
Riesgo
A malfunctioning child safety lock that allows a rear door to be opened unintentionally can increase the risk of injury.
Solución
Dealers will inspect and replace the rear door latch, as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed June 27, 2025. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 25S64.
Bolsas de aire › Frontal · 13 jun 2025

Campaña NHTSA 25V396000 · 2,272 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2025 Bronco vehicles. The active vent flap on the passenger side may prevent the air bag from deploying as intended. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 208, "Occupant Crash Protection."
Riesgo
An air bag that does not deploy as intended increases the risk of injury during a crash.
Solución
Dealers will replace the passenger air bag module, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed October 3, 2025. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 25C27.
Suspensión › Front › Control Arm › Lower Arm · 9 may 2025 No conducir

Campaña NHTSA 25V308000 · 3 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2024-2025 Bronco vehicles. The front lower control arm fasteners may not have been tightened properly, allowing the control arm to detach from the frame.
Riesgo
A detached control arm can cause a loss of vehicle steering and control, increasing the risk of a crash.
Solución
Owners are advised not to drive their vehicles until they have been repaired. Dealers will inspect and verify that the lower control arm fasteners are tightened properly. If a fastener is loose or missing, the dealer will replace the fastener. Repairs will be performed free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed June 3, 2025. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 25S48.
Suspensión › Front › Control Arm › Upper Ball Joint · 9 may 2025

Campaña NHTSA 25V310000 · 4,497 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2024-2025 Bronco and Ranger vehicles. The front upper control arm ball joint fastener may be missing or tightened improperly, allowing the front upper control arm to detach from the knuckle assembly.
Riesgo
A detached control arm can cause a loss of vehicle steering and control, increasing the risk of a crash.
Solución
Dealers will inspect and tighten, or replace the ball joint fastener as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed May 23, 2025. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 25S45.
Asientos › Critical Fasteners · 9 may 2025

Campaña NHTSA 25V311000 · 46 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2025 Ranger and Bronco vehicles. The bolts that secure the driver's seat frame to the body may be loose or missing. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 207, "Seating Systems."
Riesgo
A seat with loose or missing fasteners may not properly restrain an occupant during a crash, increasing the risk of injury.
Solución
Dealers will inspect the seat fasteners and tighten or install new fasteners as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed May 23, 2025. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 25C16.
Suspensión › Front › Control Arm › Upper Ball Joint · 18 abr 2025 No conducir

Campaña NHTSA 25V260000 · 2 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2025 Bronco vehicles. The front upper control arm ball joint nut may be missing or tightened improperly, allowing the front upper control arm to detach from the knuckle assembly.
Riesgo
A detached control arm can cause a loss of vehicle steering and control, increasing the risk of a crash.
Solución
Owners are advised not to drive their vehicles until they have been repaired. Dealers will inspect and verify that the ball joint fastener is tightened properly. If a fastener is loose or missing, the dealer will replace the ball joint and knuckle assembly. Repairs will be performed free of charge. Owner notification letters are expected to be mailed in April 2025. Owners may contact Ford Customer Service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 25S40.
Tren motriz › Transmisión automática › Fluid/Lubricant › Valves/Valve Body · 14 mar 2025

Campaña NHTSA 25V164000 · 269 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2024-2025 F-150, Bronco, 2024 Ranger, 2025 Mustang, Explorer, and Aviator vehicles. The transmission valve body may have been machined incorrectly, which can cause reverse gear failure, or unexpected forward movement in reverse or neutral gear.
Riesgo
Unexpected vehicle movement increases the risk of a crash.
Solución
Dealers will replace the transmission main control valve body, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed April 11, 2025. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 25S19.
Suspensión › Front › Control Arm › Upper Ball Joint · 16 oct 2024

Campaña NHTSA 24V770000 · 2,416 vehículos

Problema
Ford Motor Company (Ford) is recalling certain 2024 Ranger, and 2024-2025 Bronco vehicles. The front upper control arm ball joint nut may not have been installed or tightened properly, allowing the front upper control arm to detach from the knuckle assembly.
Riesgo
A detached control arm can cause a loss of vehicle steering and control, increasing the risk of a crash.
Solución
Dealers will inspect and verify that the ball joint fastener is tightened properly. If a fastener is loose or missing, the dealer will replace the ball joint and knuckle assembly as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on November 20, 2024. Owners may contact Ford Customer Service at 1-866-436-7332. Ford's number for this recall is 24S64.
Consulta tu VIN en NHTSA (en inglés) ↗

No todos los Bronco 2025 están afectados: solo el VIN lo confirma.

Problemas reportados por propietarios

56Quejas ante la NHTSA desde 2015
5Con choque
2Con incendio
2Lesionados reportados
13,192 miMillaje típico de la falla
Sistema eléctrico18
Otro o desconocido9
Motor9
Frenos7
Tren motriz5
Control de velocidad5
Prevención de colisión frontal › Automatic Emergency Braking5
Visibility/Wiper4
Quejas recibidas por mes (últimos 24 meses con reportes)
25/04: 125/06: 225/07: 125/08: 225/09: 225/10: 325/11: 125/12: 326/01: 326/02: 326/03: 626/04: 526/05: 426/06: 826/07: 326/08: 226/09: 326/10: 425/0425/0825/1126/0226/0526/08máx. 8

Reportes sin verificar; los más vendidos acumulan más.

Lista para comprar un Ford Bronco 2025 usado

  1. Consulta el VIN en nhtsa.gov/recalls. 19 retiros en este año: pide comprobantes de reparación.
  2. Retiro crítico de seguridad. Al menos un retiro tiene aviso de "no conducir" o "estacionar afuera". No lo compres hasta que el VIN muestre que se reparó.
  3. Sistema eléctrico — 18 reportes de propietarios. Prueba todas las ventanas, seguros, luces, pantallas y puertos USB; revisa la antigüedad de la batería.
  4. Motor — 9 reportes de propietarios. Arranca el motor en frío, escucha si golpetea y fíjate en luces de advertencia o titubeos al acelerar.
  5. Frenos — 7 reportes de propietarios. Frena con fuerza a velocidad; revisa si se jala hacia un lado, si el pedal vibra o si se enciende la luz del ABS.
  6. Millaje a vigilar. Los propietarios suelen reportar problemas alrededor de las 13,192 millas; pregunta qué se reparó cerca de ese punto.
  7. Antes de pagar: historial de servicio, reporte de antecedentes e inspección de un mecánico independiente.

Generado por DecodedCars a partir de retiros y quejas de propietarios ante la NHTSA para el Ford Bronco 2025. No sustituye una inspección profesional.

Otros años del Bronco

Comparar todos los años →
AñoMPG (mejor)LargoGeneralRetirosQuejas
Bronco 202620165 inSin calificar911
Bronco 202420165 inSin calificar1682
Bronco 202320165 inSin calificar18230
Bronco 202220165 inSin calificar23385
Bronco 202121165 inSin calificar20230

Fuentes: EPA, NHTSA, Transport Canada, Wikimedia Commons. Sin afiliación con la NHTSA, la EPA ni Ford. Cómo lo calculamos →